Public Sub test()
Dim arr1(1 To 65537) As String
Dim arr2(1 To 100) As String

Dim i As Byte
Dim r1 As Long
Dim startRow As Byte

Dim strRow As Byte
Dim c1 As Integer

Range("A1:E10").Select 'чистим диапазон
Selection.ClearContents
Cells(1, 1).Select

For i = 1 To 10
     arr1(i) = "arr1: " & i
     arr2(i) = "arr2: " & i
     Cells(i, 1).Value = arr1(i) 'строка для контроля выводится в 1 столбец
     Cells(i, 2).Value = arr2(i) 'строка для контроля выводится во 2 столбец
Next i

Cells(1, 3).Resize(10) = Application.WorksheetFunction.Transpose(arr2)
Cells(1, 4).Resize(10) = Application.WorksheetFunction.Transpose(arr1) 'большой массив - здесь ошибка

End Sub