Application.UserName

Private Sub Workbook_Open()

    Const Addr = "<Путь_к_книге_с_протоколом>"

    On Error Resume Next
    Workbooks.Open Filename:=Addr
    If Err.Number <> 0 Then
        Workbooks.ADD
        ActiveWorkbook.SaveAs Filename:=Addr, FileFormat:=xlOpenXMLWorkbook, CreateBackup:=False
    End If
    Worksheets(1).Activate
    If Cells(1, 1).Value = "" Then
        Cells(1, 1).Value = "Пользователь"
        Cells(1, 2).Value = "Дата"
        Cells(1, 3).Value = "Время"
    End If
    Cells(ActiveSheet.UsedRange.Rows.Count + 1, 1).Value = Application.UserName
    Cells(ActiveSheet.UsedRange.Rows.Count, 2).Value = Date
    Cells(ActiveSheet.UsedRange.Rows.Count, 3).Value = Time
    ActiveWorkbook.Save
    ActiveWorkbook.Close

End Sub

Private Sub Workbook_BeforeClose(Cancel As Boolean)

    Const Addr = "<Путь_к_книге_с_протоколом>"
    Dim Ern As Long

    Ern = Err.Number
    Workbooks.Open Filename:=Addr
    Worksheets(1).Activate
    Cells(ActiveSheet.UsedRange.Rows.Count, 4).Value = IIf(Ern = 0, "Успешно", "Ошибка " & Ern)
    ActiveWorkbook.Save
    ActiveWorkbook.Close

End Sub

Private Sub Workbook_BeforeClose(Cancel As Boolean)
with Workbooks.Open("<Путь_к_книге_с_протоколом>"). Worksheets(1)
.Cells(.UsedRange.Rows.Count, 4).Value = IIf(Err.Number = 0, "Успешно", "Ошибка " & Err.Number)
.parent.Close -1
end with
End Sub

.Cells(.UsedRange.Rows.Count, 4).Value = IIf(Err.Number = 0, "Успешно", "Ошибка " & Err.Number)

Workbooks.Open

Private Sub Workbook_Open()
    Const Addr = "<Путь_к_книге_с_протоколом>"
   On Error GoTo Workbook_Open_Error

   'тут код программы

   On Error GoTo 0
   Exit Sub

Workbook_Open_Error:

    MsgBox "Error " & Err.Number & " (" & Err.Description & ") in procedure Workbook_Open of VBA Document ЭтаКнига"
    ' и вот тут можно пихать описание ошибки куда угодно
End Sub